Venous insufficiency is a condition where the veins cannot efficiently pump blood back to the heart, leading to swelling, pain, and varicose veins. Causes include weak venous valves, hereditary factors, obesity, pregnancy, a sedentary lifestyle, and leg injuries.

The most common symptoms of venous insufficiency include swelling in the legs or ankles, a feeling of heaviness or fatigue, nighttime cramps, skin changes (such as dark discoloration or rashes), and the appearance of varicose veins. In more severe cases, venous ulcers may develop.

Diagnosis is usually done through a physical exam where the doctor assesses symptoms and the condition of the veins. Imaging studies, such as Doppler ultrasounds, may be used to evaluate blood flow and the function of the valves in the veins.

Treatment for venous insufficiency may include lifestyle changes, such as losing weight, exercising regularly, and avoiding prolonged standing or sitting. Compression stockings may also be prescribed to improve blood flow. In more advanced cases, medical or surgical treatments, such as sclerotherapy, endovenous ablation, or surgery to repair or remove affected veins, may be necessary.